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Sources & Citations

At ForEm Foundation, we are committed to providing the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding HPV-related cancers. Every statistic on this site is backed by a specific, verifiable source, listed below. If you ever have a question about where a number came from, it's here — or reach out and we'll show our work.

OUR EVIDENCE STANDARD: ForEm prioritizes primary sources, including peer-reviewed research, federal and state public-health agencies, legislative records, regulatory documents and major professional medical organizations. We distinguish established standards from emerging research and individual patient experience from population-level evidence. When evidence changes, we update our materials.

Last verified: August 2026

HPV Facts

HPV-associated and HPV-attributable cancers — Nearly 50,000 HPV-associated cancers are diagnosed in the United States each year. CDC estimates that HPV causes roughly 39,000 cancers annually.
Sources: CDC — Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus · Van Dyne et al., Frontiers in Public Health (2021), pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7921151

HPV vaccination and prevention of HPV-attributable cancers
Source: CDC — Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus

Throat cancer overtaking cervical cancer — More than 21,000 throat cancer cases a year, versus roughly 12,000 for cervical.
Sources: UCI Health, citing CDC · CDC MMWR

Racial disparity in cervical cancer mortality — Black women are 1.5 times more likely to die from cervical cancer than white women.
Source: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2024)

Screening and follow-up disparities by race
Sources: Cancer Health Disparities (2022), sciencedirect.com · American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2023), ajpmonline.org

Lifetime HPV infection and clearance rates — 91% of men, 85% of women get HPV; about 90% clear on their own.
Source: CDC — Clinical Overview of HPV

No FDA-approved test to determine a man's overall HPV status
Source: CDC Pink Book, Chapter 11

HPV vaccination for adults ages 27–45 — CDC recommends shared clinical decision-making for some adults who were not adequately vaccinated.
Source: CDC ACIP — Shared Clinical Decision-Making

HPV vaccination after prior exposure — Vaccination prevents new HPV infections and does not treat an existing infection, but a person previously exposed to HPV may not have been exposed to every vaccine-targeted type.
Sources: CDC · Mayo Clinic · CHOP

Know Your Rights & Beyond Your Rights

Right to access medical records — Source: HHS — HIPAA Individual Rights

Right to appeal an insurance denial — Source: HealthCare.gov

Biomarker testing coverage in Kentucky — Source: KY House Bill 180 (2023)

Clinical role of biomarker testing — Biomarker testing can identify characteristics of a patient's cancer that may inform treatment selection, including eligibility for certain targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
Source: National Cancer Institute — Biomarker Testing for Cancer Treatment

Cancer Justice — Source: thedrlc.org/cancer-justice

Dollar For — Source: dollarfor.org

Medicare Counseling (SHIP) — Source: shiphelp.org

Triage Cancer — Source: triagecancer.org

Current News & Legislation

While America Waits
Medical Journal of Australia — 'Cervical Cancer Elimination in Australia and the Asia Pacific: Progress and Barriers' (2026)
Union for International Cancer Control
American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network

PREVENT Act Status
Vaccine Schedule
Funding Cuts

American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network — statement on proposed NCI budget cuts
Source: fightcancer.org
American Society of Clinical Oncology
Source: asco.org

FDA Approvals

Pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer
Source: FDA — Pembrolizumab with Chemoradiotherapy for FIGO 2014 Stage III–IVA Cervical Cancer
Link: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-chemoradiotherapy-figo-2014-stage-iii-iva-cervical-cancer
Gardasil 9 indications and approval information
Source: FDA — Gardasil 9
Link: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/gardasil-9
Tisotumab vedotin-tftv (Tivdak) for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer
Source: FDA — Tisotumab Vedotin-tftv Approval
Link: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-tisotumab-vedotin-tftv-recurrent-or-metastatic-cervical-cancer

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